蘇州大學激光加工中心 江蘇 蘇州 215021

1 引言

1.1 復合焊的優點

激光具有高亮度、高方向性、高單色性、高相干性及特殊的空間分布特性等優點，可獲得高達10¹¹W/cm²的聚焦功率密度，其巨大的能量集中在非常小的范圍內，能迅速將材料局部升溫至極高的溫度，并能以較高的冷卻速度進行冷卻，因此激光加工技術已成為一種無與倫比的材料加工方法^[1]。激光材料加工技術在工業領域應用的廣泛程度，已然成為衡量一個國家工業水平高低的重要標志。激光焊接技術與傳統焊接技術相比，具有焊縫深寬比高、熱影響區窄、焊接接頭質量佳、生產效率高等突出優點，因此逐漸得到科研人員及企業的關注。常見的激光焊接技術包含單純激光焊接、激光填絲焊接和激光-電弧復合焊接（Hybrid Laser Arc Welding）。由于激光和熔化極氣體保護焊（Gas metal Arc Welding, GMAW）能加速焊接工藝，降低成本，并提高焊接質量。所以激光焊接和復合焊在汽車制造、航空航天領域中已經得到了廣泛的應用。但在造船行業中應用還不是很普遍，尤其是在中國的造船上，還在大量的使用人力進行焊接，不僅污染環境、而且勞動強度大、危害比較大、精度和效率也無法保證。

激光復合焊結合了激光焊和MAG焊或其它氣體保護焊兩種技術的優勢。復合焊主要的優點是：焊接穿透的深度深而且焊道窄，焊接速度快，熱輸入低，熱影響區小，熱變形小；焊縫質量高，外觀佳，物理性能好，返工率低，焊縫底部控制好，可實現單面焊雙面成形。并且確保了焊縫的金屬結構與機械屬性。

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